![]() The rapid emigration of white settlers to regions west of the Mississippi River in the mid- to late 19th century demonstrated the inadequacies of the existing Indian policy to U.S. authorities intensified their effects when they adopted Indian removal as official policy during this period. ![]() Earlier generations of European and European American settlers had engaged in similar practices of dispossession however, U.S. Indian policy focused on removing Native American tribes from their homes east of the Mississippi River and resettling them on western lands acquired through the Louisiana Purchase in the 1830s. colonialism more directly through their revolutionary combinations of Native and Christian forms.Ĭhristian Missions and American Colonialism In this environment of religious innovation and resistance, new religious movements like the Ghost Dance and peyote religion arose to challenge the legitimacy of U.S. Once settled on reservations, these same tribes could deploy new strategies of resistance to make reservation life more tolerable. ![]() Tribes that fought consolidation through the armed rebellions of the 1870s could find reasons to accept reservation life once continued military action became untenable. consolidation policies intended to constrain Native autonomy still further by extending the reservation system, missionary oversight of indigenous communities, and land use in the late 19th century. It also allowed for flexible responses to U.S. Religion facilitated engagement with white (mostly Protestant) Christian missionaries and allowed Native Americans to embrace some aspects of white American culture while rejecting others (even within the context of Native conversion to Christianity). colonial expansion and Native American resistance, it functioned as a powerful medium for cross-cultural communication and exchange in the American colonial context. This strategy allowed them to facilitate an array of cultural changes intended to preserve their own cultural integrity by mitigating the most damaging effects of white rule.īecause religion provided the language and logic of U.S. Native Americans selectively deployed various expressions of resistance according to the particular political circumstances they faced. colonialism can be mapped on a continuum of resistance in which accommodation and militancy exist as related impulses. With survival as their goal, Native American responses to U.S. colonialism operated as a dynamic process that facilitated various forms of cultural innovation. Despite significant asymmetries in political power and material resources, Native Americans developed a range of strategies to ensure the survival of their communities in the complicated colonial context created by American expansion. ![]() Their efforts, however, never went uncontested. officials sought no less than the complete eradication of Native cultures through the assimilation policies they devised in the 19th century and beyond. ![]() colonialism were intense and far-reaching: U.S. The pressures exerted on Native Americans by U.S. Native American history simply cannot be told apart from accounts of violent dispossession of land, languages, and lifeways. Since the early 19th century, the expansion of American empire has constrained Native American autonomy and cultural expression. ![]()
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